Feminism, Gender, and Queer Theories

Muhammad Faruq Bukhori

13020117140087

Take Home Assignment

Feminism, Gender, and Queer Theories

I. Introduction

Gender and sexuality are the products of freedom of every individual born in a social society. This thought emerged in the 18th century based on the view that women are the unlucky people, because it emerged the feminism movement. The existence of feminism movement that was born to fight for women's rights to be able to have freedom and justice, especially in the political movement. This theories emerged based on the injustices experienced by women. Feminism, gender and queer movements review a variety of aspects of human life. This movement formed by social, cultural, and political, this movements also entered into these domains. Feminism, gender and queer theories are a new problem in this modern era because of social contact throught certain media this movement created.

II. Discussion

1. Feminism

Feminism is a movement that demands equality and justice for equal right with men, feminism means s female in latin, this term was used in 1890. This theory refers to the theory of equality and women’s movement. Feminism is a women's movement that demands its right to justice, this movement entered to the political, cultural and economic spheres. This feminist thought and movement first appeared in the 19th century. This movement has historically been divided into three wave movements, namely first wave, second wave, Third Wave, an Fourth wave.

The first wave of feminism was made to fight for women’s right to vote, this movement emerged in the late 19^th and eraly 20^th centuries. This movement entered into the realm of politics, women did not have a right to participate in democracy.

Meanwhile, the second wave of feminism movement is fighting for women’s right to be able to work like men, women also want to have same income as men, they do not want to be said in social term as women who can only take care of the house and children This second wave movement emerged in 1960-1980.

Then, the third wave of feminism movement that was present in the early 1990s existed because the second wave movement was considered a failure because it was only intended for middle-upper white women, in this third wave movement the focus of black people could also participate in fighting for their rights. This feminism movement also fight for race, ethnicity, and sexual identity.

In the fourth wave in the feminism movement there was still a lot of debate among people, this movement began in 2012. This feminism movement focuses on seual harassement, body shaming, and rape culture. This feminism movement is popular on the internet and this movement was originally there because of the case of a women raped by a group of teenagers in India in December 2012 and it  sparked a lot of protest and a lot of tag on the internet.

2. Gender

Gender is not a biological gender difference but rather refers to a person's behavior and procedures in his society. Its basic properties are masculine and feminine. For example when there is a woman who is biologically but behaves like a man from the way he is dressed and his behavior. So gender and sex (sex) are two different things. Sex (very gender) is a biological thing that is attached to a particular sex, while the concept of gender is formed through social and cultural construction such as men are strong, rational while women are gentle, using feeling rather than brain(rasional). However, there are also inversely proportional to this because over time like a woman is strong and the man is gentle. Therefore, in this day and age, it is widely known by the term LGBT because the existence of different cultural and social contacts.

Gender differences with sex can be more easily observed through the following table:

Sex	Gender
1. Biological (formed from birth)	1. Socially and culturally shaped
2. Cannot be changed	2. Can be changed
3. Universal	3. Different in other culture

2.1 Domestic Violence and Abuse

Domestic violence means a relationship between family or partner. It when someone who close to you has power and control over you. Domestic violence includes emotional abuse, physical abuse, social abuse, and religion abuse. Sexual assault is also included as part of domestic violence.

Domestic violence and abuse occurs not only for heterosexual or homosexual people but it occurs in all ages both children, adolescents and even parents, so it happens in the form of verbal as well as non-verbal. In domestic life also if a husband and wife have forced sexual relations including violence.

Sometimes the behavior dominates a couple who feels he has power over the relationship by doing what he is told to do and without asking questions including violence, in many ways he intimidates many people and their partners and it causes various kinds of fear by the victim, and often these victims of domestic violence are experienced by women.

In other cases a victim of stalking by a stalker is also a matter that interferes with the private domain of a person. for example when there is a man who likes a woman's friend in his class and he even always lurks and follows women wherever he goes.

There are many causes of domestic violence and abuse, the cause can occur because of a common thing that is reasonable means that if we look at the cultural view of society most a husband has power over his wife and wife must obey, another thing is the cause of domestic violence is due to a social pressure such as a problem financial in a family or possessive relationship.

3. Queer

The term queer already existed in the 16^th century which means “strange” and in the late 19^th century the term queer began to be used in the connotation os sexual deviation. Queer is a term of sexual and gender identity that is different from straight and cisgender, which adherents ot this queer sometimes over time change their sexual and gender. Queer is a member of the lgbt community this claim originated in the late 1980s from the calim of a member queer nation.

3.1 Queer Alternative

What is meant by alternative queer is a paradigm that refers to the term LGBTQ which means “Q” for queer or LGBTO “O” for others. The queer is also characterized by intersex people, which is why the problem cannot be categorized as sex category. Activist and Scholars describe queer as intersex bodies, which means a child is born with atpical sex development, for example, a boy born with very small penis and small testicles even if people see it almost assume he does not have a penis and can not be categorized as a boy or someone was born with a strange and abnormal chromosome.

Intersex people are born with sex characteristics (including genital organs, genital glands, and chromosome patterns) that are not generally relevant to male or female bodies. Intersex is a general word used to describe various natural variations in the body, the condition of intersex has been seen since birth while in other cases it can only be seen at puberty. Some intersex variations on chromosomes may not be visible at all

Intersex people sometimes always get a lot of stigma in the community, especially when a baby is intersex since birth and they are vulnerable to being victims of murder and abandoned, in this case it is clear that it has violated human rights.

The term queer also violates the norms that exist in heterosexual societies. Intersex people and transgender (lesbian,gay and bisexual) violate the heterosexual norm, and often also they get hate speech. The term bisexual as a sexual identity from both heterosexuality and homosexuality, for example a men have lust with men and girl at the same time. The term gay people can be used for women and men as well.

III. Conclusion

From the explanation that I have given I can conclude that the feminism, gender and queer movements are movements of women and minorities who demand equality or equality of social classes. In Indonesia itself there is also the emancipation of women diplopori by Raden Ajeng Kartini, this movement still exists today. Gender and sex (sex) are two different things. Sex (very gender) is a biological thing that is attached to a particular sex, while the concept of gender is formed through social and cultural construction. Queer is a term of sexual and gender identity that is different from straight and cisgender, which adherents ot this queer sometimes over time change their sexual and gender. From the above explanations feminism, gender, and queer give a new color in the current modern society that can be studied.

IV. References

∙ Britannica.com. Feminism. Accesed on 27 October 2019, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism

∙ Butler, J. (1990), ‘Gender Trouble: Femininism and the Subversion of Identity’, New York, Routledge

∙ Jagose, Annamarie Rustom. 1996. Queer Theory: An Introduction. Melbourne University Press

∙ Piantato, G. (2016). How has queer theory influenced the ways we think about gender?. Azienda Ospedaliera Nazionale

∙ Pkbi-diy.info. Pengertian dan Perbedaan Gender dengan Seks. Accessed on 29 October 2019, from https://pkbi-diy.info/pengertian-dan-perbedaan-gender-dengan-seks/

∙ Sullivan, N. (2003), ‘A Critical Introduction to Queer Theory’, Melbourne, Circa Books