Implicature

IMPLICATURE

( Pragmatics )

Arranged by:

Name: MUHAMMAD FARUQ BUKHORI

Student Number: 13020117140087

E-mail: mfaruq.bukhori@gmail.com

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

S1 Sastra Inggris

Faculty of Humanity

Diponegoro University

SEMARANG

2019

INTRODUCTION

Implicature is an important component in language indirect or implicit speech act: what is meant by a speaker's utterance that is not part of what is explicitly said. In this report, my goal is to make the semantic and pragmatic semester midpoint for my semester this semester. In this report I will explain what implicature is, how the application of implicature to language and why important implicature in language.

DISCUSSION

1. What is Implicature ?

The implicature is something that speaker proposes or means with the utterance, even thought it is not literally stated.

2. Characteristics of Implicature

There are four characteristics of implicature:

a. Entailment is concerned with the meaning of the sentence itself

b. Hyponym involves entailment

c. En applies cumulatively

d. Entailment can also involve the use of determiners.

3. Conversational implicature

In conversational implicature the situation can also be one of the considerations in making conclusions from a conversation. Here I will discuss the types of implicatures and examples in conversation.

A. Quality = “It is ringing”. I believe, and have adequate evidence, that it is ringing.

B. Quantity = “Ori ate some of lumpia”. Ori didn’t eat all of the lumpia.

C. Relation = “That otak-otak looks delicious”. I would like to eat that otak-otak.

D. Manner = “The girl jumped into the pool”. The girl performed these action in this order.

Example of conversational implicature:

1. There are fifteen sheeps at the farm.

            ~ There are at most fifteen sheeps at the farm.

2. Some of the peoples go

            ~ Not all the peoples go

3. They can have tea of coffee

            ~ They can’t have both

4. Properties Cont’d

Implicatures are not lexically triggered, it means that implicatures cannot be blamed on the meaning of particular word that occurs in the sentence.

On the roads…

A: I am out of gas.

~ I need to fill my tank.

B: My tank is empty.

~ I need to fill my tank.

Implicatures are defeasible: they can be denied by the speaker without a contradiction. Implicatures are also reinforceable: they can be spelled out by the speaker without a sense of redundancy.

Ori likes some of his presents.

~ Ori doesn’t like all of his presents.

Ori likes some of his presents and in fact he likes all of them. (implicature defeated)

Ori likes some of his presents but he doesn’t like all of them. (implicature reinforced)

5. Why Do Speakers Implicate Things?

The reasons why speakers implicate things are the primary reasons they say things, including communication, self-expression, and record creation. Speakers seek to communicate for a variety of reasons, from working with colleagues to achieve joint ends in situations of cooperation, to working against adversaries in situations of opposition, including competition and conflict. Whether speakers express beliefs directly or indirectly, others often recognize what they mean, resulting in communication.

6. Why Do Sentences Have Implicatures?

Synchronically, a sentence implicates something in virtue of a convention to use a sentence with that form to implicate it. Diachronically, the convention exists today because the use was picked up by today’s speakers from previous speakers. Sentences could be used to implicate other things, but either no one has done so or the usage never caught on. Sentence implicatures die and become new lexical meanings or idioms when speakers begin meaning directly what speakers used to mean indirectly.

7. The structure of discourse

Human communication is built around rational behavior.Verbal exchanges are not successions of disconnected remarks.Speakers’ actions constitute a cooperative effort toward a common goal.

The Cooperative Principle:

“Make your conversational contribution such as is

required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the

accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in

which you are engaged.” (Grice 1975)

8. The Cooperative Principle

The Cooperative Principle can be broken up in several maxims (conversational rules that interlocuters follow).

Grice formulated four such maxims:

a. Maxim of Quantity (how much you say)

b. Maxim of Quality (how good your information is)

c. Maxim of Manner (how you say things)

d. Maxim of Relevance/Relation (how relevant your

information is)

Maxim of Quantity

Maxim of Quantity: Make your contribution as informative

as needed for the purposes of the conversation.

Maxim of Quality

Maxim of Quality: Do not say something that is false.

Ori: The ball is round.

Ori’s knowledge of the world is quite limited.

Ori is joking.

Ori believes in conspiracy theories.

Explanation:

Ori didn’t literally say “I’m dumb”/“Just kidding”/“I’m crazy”.

However, given Quality, the hearer can conclude that David is vastly misinformed/joking/crazy.

Maxim of Manner

Maxim of Manner: Be perspicuous and use appropriate language.

CONCLUSION

Often the message delivered by the speaker has a different meaning than what we catch, that's implicature. Language is present because of ambiguity the meaning of each word can also be interpreted differently according to the situation at that time as English learners, it is very necessary to study language sentences and are required to use a formal structure to avoid misunderstanding.

REFERENCES

1. Masda Surti Simatupang. 2016. Implicature